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communications protocol n. A set of rules or standards designed to enable computers to connect with one another and to exchange information with as little error as possible. The protocol generally accepted for standardizing overall computer communications is a seven-layer set of hardware and software guidelines known as the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model. A somewhat different standard, widely used before the OSI model was developed, is IBM’s SNA (Systems Network Architecture). The word protocol is often used, sometimes confusingly, in reference to a multitude of standards affecting different aspects of communication, such as file transfer
COMNET Conference & Expo n. Conference and exposition for the communications networking industry. The conference features educational sessions and exhibitions on technical and business issues affecting communications networks.
compact disc n. 1. An optical storage medium for digital data, usually audio. A compact disc is a nonmagnetic, polished metal disc with a protective plastic coating that can hold up to 74 minutes of high-fidelity recorded sound. The disk is read by an optical scanning mechanism that uses a high-intensity light source, such as a laser, and mirrors. Also called: optical disc. 2. A technology that forms the basis of media such as CD-ROM, CD-ROM/XA, CD-I, CD-R, DVI, and PhotoCD. These media are all compact disc–based but store various types of digital information and have different read/write capabilities.
CompactFlash n. Plug-in memory devices designed by the CompactFlash Association for use in digital cameras and, eventually, other devices for storing and transporting digital data, sound, images, and video. CompactFlash devices are small cards 1.7 x 1.4 x 0.13 inches (43 x 36 x 3.3 mm) in size. They are based on nonvolatile flash technology, so they do not rely on batteries or other power to retain information.
compaction n. The process of gathering and packing the currently allocated regions of memory or auxiliary storage into as small a space as possible, so as to create as much continuous free space as possible.
compact model n. A memory model of the Intel 80x86 processor family. The compact model allows only 64 kilobytes (KB) for the code of a program but up to 1 megabyte (MB) for the program’s data.
comparator n. A device for comparing two items to determine whether they are equal. In electronics, for example, a comparator is a circuit that compares two input voltages and indicates which is higher.
compile-and-go adj. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of a development environment that automatically runs a program after compiling it.
compiled language n. A language that is translated into machine code prior to any execution, as opposed to an interpreted language, which is translated and executed statement by statement.
compiler n. 1. Any program that transforms one set of symbols into another by following a set of syntactic and semantic rules. 2. A program that translates all the source code of a program written in a high-level language into object code prior to execution of the program.
complementary operation n. In Boolean logic, an operation that produces the opposite result from that of another operation performed on the same data. For example, if A is true, NOT A (its complement) is false.
complex number n. A number of the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i is the square root of -1, called the imaginary unit. Complex numbers can be plotted as points on a two-dimensional plane called the complex plane. The a number is plotted along the plane’s horizontal axis (the real axis), and the b number is plotted along the vertical axis (the imaginary axis).
composite display n. A display, characteristic of television monitors and some computer monitors, that is capable of extracting an image from a composite signal (also called an NTSC signal). A composite display signal carries on one wire not only the coded information required to form an image on the screen but also the pulses needed to synchronize horizontal and vertical scanning as the electron beam sweeps back and forth across the screen. Composite displays can be either monochrome or color. A composite color signal combines the three primary video colors (red, green, and blue) in a color burst component that determines the shade of color displayed on the screen. Composite color monitors are less readable than either monochrome monitors or the RGB color monitors that use separate signals (and wires) for the red, green, and blue components of the image.
composite video display n. A display that receives all encoded video information (including color, horizontal synchronization, and vertical synchronization) in one signal. A composite video signal under NTSC (National Television System Committee) standards is generally required for television sets and videotape recorders.
CompuServe n. An online information service that is a subsidiary of America Online. CompuServe provides information and communications capabilities, including Internet access. It is primarily known for its technical support forums for commercial hardware and software products and for being one of the first large commercial online service
computational intelligence n. The study of the design of intelligent agents whose reasoning is based on computational methods. The central scientific goal of computational intelligence is to understand the principles that make intelligent behavior possible, in natural or artificial systems. An intelligent agent is flexible to changing environments and changing goals—it learns from experience, and it makes appropriate choices given perceptual limitations and finite computation. The central engineering goal of computational intelligence is to specify methods for the design of useful, intelligent artifacts.
computer-assisted diagnosis n. The use of computers by physicians in diagnosing patient conditions. Medical application programs can help to determine the cause, symptoms, and treatment of a problem as well as to maintain a record of a patient’s medical history and test results.
computer conferencing n. Person-to-person interaction through the use of computers located in different places but connected through communications facilities.
computer game n. A class of computer program in which one or more users interacts with the computer as a form of entertainment. Computer games run the gamut from simple alphabet games for toddlers to chess, treasure hunts, war games, and simulations of world events. The games are controlled from a keyboard or with a joystick or other device and are supplied on disks, on CD-ROMs, as game cartridges, on the Internet, or as arcade devices.
Computer Graphics Interface n. A software standard applied to computer graphics devices, such as printers and plotters. Computer Graphics Interface is an offshoot of a widely recognized graphics standard called GKS (Graphical Kernel System), which provides applications programmers with standard methods of creating, manipulating, and displaying or printing computer graphics. Acronym: CGI.
computer-independent language n. A computer language designed to be independent of any given hardware platform. Most high-level languages are intended to be computer-independent; actual implementations of the languages (in the form of compilers and interpreters) tend to have some hardware-specific features and aspects.