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in reality - no.
In theory the 4TB disk should be a bit slower as the data is more condensed at same rotation speed - But it won't matter/be visible on normal usage.
It will be visible in higher IOPS environments, seek time should be higher on 4TB ones, but if you get to that point, the storage is too slow for anything anyway.
Random access time is better on 4TB drives because they have more platters and therefore more heads. Modern 1TB drives are single platter, so they have only 1 or 2 heads.
You are unemployed again?
At same data density, but, while might have more platters, it is perhaps double for 4 times the data, the bigger data density, the more time to position the head.
Well, in the end it depends, inside HDDs might be very different, depending on maker, capacity, production year/batch, there is a role to play for cache, etc.
It won't be. But say if you aim to host VPS and you sis to put more Customers per drive as the drive has more capacity you need to be aware that the disk will still have the same bandwidth so each VM will get less.
there's different bottlenecks in the system. so using a faster disk doesn't always mean you get faster results.
SAS is usually faster than SATA (when used for multiple accesses)
SATA3 and SATA6 run at different speeds, but with multiple disks in RAID, the bottleneck may be the RAID controller
if you have good enough system, a HDD with faster rotation (like 10K or 15K) can give faster results, but that needs to be a high-end system to benefit. even SSD will suffer from bottlenecks in other parts of the system
At any given product family, the biggest disk is always the fastest (check on the product datasheet). It usually has more cache, and the seek time is the same as the smallest model, but the average number of seeks required to write a given data is one half or a fourth. Current 3.5'' SATA consumer HDDs have a typical density of 500 Gb per surface, so 1 TB = 2 heads, 4 Tb = 8 heads. Nevertheless, the difference between 1 Tb and 4 Tb 7200 RPM Sata is hardly worth noticing today, both options are extremely slow compared to any SSD based storage.
OP did not specify they are same family. But you are right, it is likely the 4 TB drives are newer than the 1 TB ones.